Evolution of the regional innovation system in terms of the Covid-19 pandemic, financial and economic crisis: The long term perspective from Central European region
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.3076Keywords:
innovation system, evolutionary approach, Triple Helix, COVID-19, financial crisisAbstract
Research background: The evolution of the innovation system is not easy to explore due to the small number or selective nature of the international research about it. The natural trajectory is well known in a long time period but differs between regions and countries — more or less developed. If the impact of the external shocks on regional innovation system (RIS) is added here, the situation is even more complicated. The answer for the crises depends on the development level of a country and region, the maturity of the relationships between actors of the Triple Helix (entrepreneurship, science, government) — their strength and stability over time, some endogenous conditions specific to it. The knowledge about the evolution of the innovation system is crucial to understand how the system works, where it was, is and will be at the evolution trajectory.
Purpose of the article: Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to identify the evolution of the RIS in the one of Central Europe’s regions (Lower Silesian in Poland) including the impact of the global financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic on the innovation technology there.
Methods: Using microdata collected by the authors and the stepwise logit modelling, industrial enterprises were analysed in three time periods: 2004–2006, 2010–2012 and 2019–2021. Total 1649 questionnaires forms were collected. The research was made in the one of Poland's well advanced regional innovation systems — the Lower Silesian. The matrix of success and fail was used as long as the AUC curve and some statistical indicators to prove the usefulness of models. The dependent variables were the new technology pushed by R&D and the investment in new machinery and equipment.
Findings & value added: The nature of RIS evolution in the one of the regions in Central Europe in a catching-up country in the context of financial crises and Covid-19 was examined. The analyses identified two alternative groups of conditions — high or low resilience to various market shocks. To the first group belongs: R&D and equipment interactions (the growing competence effect) and a cooperation along the supply chain in the industry. The low resilience is observed in the other categories, as follows: the cooperation with science institutes and business support organizations (the isolation effect), the lack of external sources of funding (the sinking effect), the short time reaction of entrepreneurs (the adaptation effect). As was pointed above in the catching-up country, some elements of the Triple Helix are more sensitive to external shocks, while others are not. The crisis situation can radically slow down an evolutionary development or change its direction. Knowing them will allow the local authority to react on time or with a low delay to reduce negative consequences of it to the regional economy. Authors have shown a new approach to the evolution process of regional innovation system. It could be useful to learn how, where and when the system is going to.
Downloads
References
Alameeri, K. A., Alshurideh, M. T., & Al Kurdi, B. (2021). The effect of covid-19 pandemic on business systems’ innovation and entrepreneurship and how to cope with it: A theatrical view. In M. Alshurideh, A. E. Hassanien & R. Ma-sa’deh (Eds.). The effect of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on business intelligence. Studies in systems, decision and control, vol. 334 (pp. 275–288). Edinburgh: Springer.
View in Google Scholar
Aldabbas, H., Pinnington, A., & Lahrech, A. (2020). The role of innovation in the relationship between university-industry collaboration in R&D and ISO 9001. International Journal of Innovation Science, 12(4), 365–383.
View in Google Scholar
Almeida, M., Liboreiro, K. R., dos Santos, E. F., Alves, M. A. B., de Carvalho, S. P. M., Borin, E. C. P., Baeta, A., & Terra, B. (2021). Triple Helix spaces in Brazilian universities during the Covid-19 pandemic. Polem!ca, 21(2), 39–68.
View in Google Scholar
Archibugi, D., Filippetti, A., & Frenz, M. (2013). The impact of the economic crisis on innovation: Evidence from Europe. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 80(7), 1247–1260.
View in Google Scholar
Arman, H., & Al-Qudsi, S. (2024). A strategic framework to analyse the East Asian miracle within triple helix model - lessons for Kuwait. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 15(2), 244–267.
View in Google Scholar
Butkus, M., Schiuma, G., Bartuševičienė, I., Rakauskiene, O. G., Volodzkiene, L., & Dargenyte-Kacileviciene, L. (2023). The impact of organizational resilience on the quality of public services: Application of structural equation modeling. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 18(2), 461–489.
View in Google Scholar
Cai, Y. Z. (2015). What contextual factors shape "innovation in innovation'? Integration of insights from the triple helix and the institutional logics perspective. Social Science Information, 54(3), 299–326.
View in Google Scholar
Cai, Y., & Etzkowitz, H. (2020). Theorizing the triple helix model: Past, present, and future. Triple Helix Journal, 6(1), 1–38.
View in Google Scholar
Carvalho F. P., Morel, C. M., & Desiderio, M. (2012). Health universal access and innovation: The Triple Helix approach in action. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 52, 236–245.
View in Google Scholar
Casadella, V., & Uzunidis, D. (2017). National innovation systems of the South, innovation and economic development policies: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, 23(2), 137–157.
View in Google Scholar
Chang, Y. C., Chen, P. H., & Teng, M. J. (2021) How do institutional changes facilitate university-centric networks in Taiwan? The triple helix model of innovation view. Science and Public Policy, 48(3), 309–324.
View in Google Scholar
Choi, S., Yang, J. S., & Park, H. W. (2015). Quantifying the triple helix relationship in scientific research: Statistical analyses on the dividing pattern between developed and developing countries. Quality & Quantity, 49(4), 1381–1396.
View in Google Scholar
Chung, S. (2002). Building a national innovation system through regional innovation systems. Technovation, 22(8), 485–491.
View in Google Scholar
Cieślik, A., Qu, Y., & Qu, T. (2019). Innovations and export performance: Firm level evidence from China. Enterpreneurial Business and Economics Review, 6(4), 27–47.
View in Google Scholar
Ciołek, D., Golejewska, A., & Zablocka-Abi Yaghi, A. (2021). Regional innovation systems in Poland: How to classify them? Ekonomik – Regiona - Economy of Region, 17(3), 987–1003.
View in Google Scholar
Cooke, P., & Morgan, K. (1993). The network paradigm: New departures in corporate and regional development. Environment and Planning, D: Society and Space, 11(5), 543–564.
View in Google Scholar
Coussi, O., Faccin, K., & Balestrin, A. (2019). Foreign direct investment in an emerging country: A Brazilian case of a triple helix as practice. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 13(6), 1751–1775.
View in Google Scholar
Danieluk, B. (2010). Application of logistic regression in experimental research. Psychologia społeczna, 5(2-3(14)), 199–216.
View in Google Scholar
van Dijk, M. P. (2023). Triple Helix approach to innovation in Rwanda's agriculture resulted in a partnership between educational institutions and a private firm producing clean seed potatoes. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies.
View in Google Scholar
Dzikowski, P. (2022). Product and process innovation patterns in Polish low and high technology systems. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(3), 747–773.
View in Google Scholar
Eggink, M. (2013). The components of an innovation system: A conceptual innovation system framework. Journal of Innovation and Business Best Practices, 2013, 1–12.
View in Google Scholar
Erzurumlu, S., Erzurumlu, Y. O., & Yoon, Y. (2022). National innovation systems and dynamic impact of institutional structures on national innovation capability: A configurational approach with the OKID method. Technovation, 114, 1–14.
View in Google Scholar
Etzkowitz, H., & Dzisah, J. (2008). Rethinking development: Circulation in the triple helix. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 20(6), 653–666.
View in Google Scholar
Fang, X., Paez, N. R., & Zeng, B. (2021). The nonlinear effects of firm size on innovation: An empirical investigation. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 30(1), 48–65.
View in Google Scholar
Feola, R., Parente, R., & Cucino, V. (2021). The entrepreneurial university: How to develop the entrepreneurial orientation of academia. Journal of Knowledge Economy, 12, 1787–1808.
View in Google Scholar
Ferdinands, R., Azam, S. M. F., & Khatibi, A. (2023). The work in progress of a developing nation's Triple Helix and its impact on patent commercialization. The case of Sri Lanka. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management.
View in Google Scholar
Fidanoski, F., Simeonovski, K., Kaftandzieva, T., Ranga, M., Dana, L. P., Davidovic, M., Ziolo, M., & Sergi, B. S. (2022). The triple helix in developed countries: When knowledge meets innovation? Heliyon, 8(8), 1–13.
View in Google Scholar
Figueiredo, N. D., Fernandes, C.I., & Abrantes, J. L. (2023). Triple Helix model: Cooperation in knowledge creation. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(2), 854–878.
View in Google Scholar
Filippetti, A., & Archibugi, D. (2011). Innovation in times of crisis: National systems of innovation, structure and demand. Research Policy, 40(2), 179–192.
View in Google Scholar
Flechas, X. A., Takahashi, C. K., & de Figueiredo, J. C. B. (2023). The Triple Helix and the quality of the startup ecosystem: A global view. Rege-Revista de Gestao, 30(3), 238–252.
View in Google Scholar
Friz, K., & Gunther, J. (2021). Innovation and economic crisis in transition economies. Eurasian Business Review, 11(4), 537–563.
View in Google Scholar
Galvao, A., Mascarenhas, C., Marques, C., Ferreira, J., & Ratten, V. (2019). Triple helix and its evolution: A systematic literature review. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 10(3), 812–833.
View in Google Scholar
Gourieroux C., & Monfort, A. (1981). Asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator in dichotomous logit models. Journal of Econometrics, 17(1), 83–97.
View in Google Scholar
Gruszczyński, M. (2009). Qualitative variable models. In M. Gruszczyński, T. Kuszewski & M. Podgórska (Eds.). Econometrics and operational research (pp. 161–188). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
View in Google Scholar
Hernández-Trasobares, A., & Murillo-Luna, J. L. (2020). The effect of Triple Helix cooperation on business innovation: The case of Spain. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 1–12.
View in Google Scholar
Hirsch-Kreinsen, H., Jacobson, D., & Robertson, P. L. (2006). ‘Low‐tech’ industries: innovativeness and development perspectives - A summary of a European research project. Prometheus. 24(1), 3–21.
View in Google Scholar
Jaklic, A., Damijan, J. P., Rojec, M., & Kuncic, A. (2014). A relevance of innovation cooperation for firms' innovation activity: The case of Slovenia. Economic Research, 27(1), 645–661.
View in Google Scholar
James, S., Liu, Z., White, G. R. T., & Samuel, A. (2023). Introducing ethical theory to the triple helix model: Supererogatory acts in crisis innovation. Technovation, 126, 1–10.
View in Google Scholar
Jovanovic, M., Savic, G., Cai, Y. Z., & Levi-Jaksic, M. (2022). Towards a triple helix based efficiency index of innovation systems. Scientometrics, 127(5), 2577–2609.
View in Google Scholar
Kapetaniou, C., Samdanis, M., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Innovation policies of Cyprus during the global economic crisis: Aligning financial institutions with national innovation system. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 133, 29–40.
View in Google Scholar
Khan, M. S. (2022) Absorptive capacities approaches for investigating national innovation systems in low and middle income countries. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 6(3), 183–195.
View in Google Scholar
Kim, J.-Y., & Lee, M.-J. (2016). Living with casinos: The Triple-Helix approach, innovative solutions, and big data. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 110, 33–41.
View in Google Scholar
Kimatu, J. N. (2016). Evolution of strategic interactions from the triple to quad helix innovation models for sustainable development in the era of globalization. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 1–7.
View in Google Scholar
Kontovas, C., Bras, A. A., Chang, C. H., Romano, A., Poo, M. C. P., Wang, J., McCormack, H., Qu, Z. H., Paraskevadakis, D., Lamb, L., & Yang, Z. L. (2022). Fostering innovation in the blue economy within the United Kingdom (UK): A stakeholders’ perspective. Ocean & Coastal Management, 224, 1–12.
View in Google Scholar
Kopczynska, E., & Ferreira, J.J. (2021). The role of government measures in university-industry collaboration for economic growth: A comparative study across levels of economic development. Triple Helix, 8(3), 486–533. https://doi.org/0.1163/21971927-BJA10023.
View in Google Scholar
Kuczewska, J., & Tomaszewski, T. (2022). Exploring potential drivers of innovation-related activities in Poland: Evidence from Polish business clusters. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(3), 775–801.
View in Google Scholar
Lee, Y. H., & Kim, Y. J. (2016). Analyzing interaction in R&D networks using the Triple Helix method: Evidence from industrial R&D programs in Korean government. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 110, 93–105.
View in Google Scholar
Lettl, C., Herstatt, C., & Gemuenden, H. G. (2006). Users' contributions to radical innovation: Evidence from four cases in the field of medical equipment technology. R&D Management, 36(3), 251–272.
View in Google Scholar
Lew, Y. K., & Park, J. Y. (2021). The evolution of N-helix of the regional innovation system: Implications for sustainability. Sustainable Development, 29(2), 453–464.
View in Google Scholar
Leydesdorff, L., & Etzkowitz, H. (2001). The transformation of university-industry-government relations into a Triple Helix of innovation. Electronic Journal of Sociology, 5(4), 1–31.
View in Google Scholar
Leydesdorff, L., & Smith, H. L. (2022). Triple, quadruple, and higher-order helices: Historical phenomena and (neo-) evolutionary models. Triple Helix, 9(1), 6–31.
View in Google Scholar
Liche, M. B., & Strelcová, A. B. (2023). The pathway towards Triple Helix technology development evaluation in Ethiopian science & technology universities. Triple Helix, 10(1), 12–39.
View in Google Scholar
de Lima Figueiredo, N., Fernandes, C. I., & Abrantes, J. L. (2022). Triple Helix model: Cooperation in knowledge creation. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14, 854–878.
View in Google Scholar
Luengo-Valderrey, M. J. (2018). Impact of the Triple Helix and the difficulties to innovate in the innovation aims: Spain. 2007–2013. Revista de Estudios Regionale, 113, 165–192.
View in Google Scholar
Lundvall, B.-Å. (2023). The COVID-19 crisis, National Innovation Systems, and world development. Science, Technology and Society, 28(3), 359–369.
View in Google Scholar
Ma, R. F., Ding, H., & Zhai, P. X. (2017). R&D cooperation, financial constraint & annovation performance. Interciencia, 42(6), 355–363.
View in Google Scholar
Majumdar, A., Ali, S. M., Agrawal, R., & Srivastava, S. (2023) A triple helix framework for strategy development in circular textile and clothing supply chain: An Indian perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 367, 1–15.
View in Google Scholar
Manjunatha, N. (2021). Internationalization and innovation capabilities determine export performance of Indian auto component manufacturing industry. Pacific Business Review International, 13(3), 105–116.
View in Google Scholar
Martin, R., & Trippl, M. (2017). The evolution of the ICT cluster in southern Sweden – regional innovation systems, knowledge bases and policy actions. Geografiska Annaler Series B-Human Geography, 99(3), 268–283.
View in Google Scholar
McFadden, D. (1979). Quantitative methods for analyzing travel behavior of individuals: Some recent developments. In D. Hensher & P. Stopher (Eds.). Behavioral travel modelling (pp. 279–318). London: Croom Helm.
View in Google Scholar
Mêgnigbêto, E. (2018). Measuring synergy within a triple helix innovation system using game theory: Cases of some developed and emerging countries. Triple Helix, 5, 1–22.
View in Google Scholar
Mohammed, A. B. (2010). Jordan higher education and triple helix innovation systems: Case study analysis and lessons learned. In K.S. Soliman (Eds.). Business transformation throught innovation and knowledge management: An academic perspective (pp. 1369–1381). Instanbul: IBIMA.
View in Google Scholar
Mood, C. (2010). Logistic regression: Why we cannot do what we think we can do, and what we can do about it. European Sociological Review, 26(1), 67–82.
View in Google Scholar
Mood, C. (2017). Logistic regression: Uncovering unobserved heterogeneity. Swedish Institute for Social Research. Stockholm: Stockholm University.
View in Google Scholar
Munoz, F. F., & Encinar, M. I. (2014). Agents intentionality, capabilities and the performance of systems of innovation. Innovation - Organization & Management, 16(1), 71–81.
View in Google Scholar
Nakwa, K., & Zawdie, G. (2016). The 'third mission' and 'Triple Helix mission' of universities as evolutionary processes in the development of the network of knowledge production: Reflections on SME experiences in Thailand. Science and Public Policy, 43(5), 622–629.
View in Google Scholar
Nguyen, N. T. M., & Duong, C. M. (2019). What make the impact of the financial crisis on innovation different across European countries? International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 16(6), 1–32.
View in Google Scholar
O’Dwyer, M., Filieri, R., & O’Malley, L. (2023). Establishing successful university–industry collaborations: Barriers and enablers deconstructed. Journal of Technology Transfer, 48, 900–931.
View in Google Scholar
Ojubanire, O. A., Sebti, H., & Berbain, S. (2023). Towards developing a national framework for industry 4.0 in African emerging economies. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 15(4), 496–513,
View in Google Scholar
de Oliveira, L. S., Echeveste, M. E. S., Carvalho, A. D., Camarotto, M., & Zarelli, P. (2020). Innovation diagnosis in technology companies of a regional innovation system. Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, 17(3), 1–10.
View in Google Scholar
Oplakanskaia, R. V., Osmuk, L. A., Pogorelskaya, A., & Pomorina, I. (2019). Post-industrial university towns and the triple helix concept: Case studies of Bristol, Sheffield, Novosibirsk and Tomsk. Bulletin of Geography-Socio-Economic Series, 44(44), 39–46.
View in Google Scholar
OECD & Eurostat (2005). Oslo Manual. Guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data. Third edition. Paris: OECD, Eurostat.
View in Google Scholar
Pan, J., & Guo, J. (2022) Innovative collaboration and acceleration: An integrated framework based on knowledge transfer and Triple Helix. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13, 3223–3247.
View in Google Scholar
Park, H., Anderson, T. R., & Seo, W. (2021). Regional innovation capability from a technology-oriented perspective: An analysis at industry level. Computers in Industry, 129, 1–18.
View in Google Scholar
Park, H. W., & Stek, P. (2022). Measuring helix interactions in the context of economic development and public policies: From triple to quadruple and N-tuple helix vs. N-tuple and quadruple helix to triads. Triple Helix, 9(1), 43–53.
View in Google Scholar
Pereira, R., & Franco, M. (2023). University-firm cooperation and regional development: Proposal of a model of analysis. Journal of Knowledge Economy, 14, 676–690.
View in Google Scholar
Pique, J. M., Berbegal-Mirabent, J., & Etzkowitz, H. (2018). Triple Helix and the evolution of ecosystems of innovation: The case of Silicon Valley. Triple Helix, 5(1), 1–21.
View in Google Scholar
Pique, J. M., Berbegal-Mirabent, J., & Etzkowitz, H. (2021). The role of universities in shaping the evolution of Silicon Valley's ecosystem of innovation. Triple Helix, 7(2-3), 277–321.
View in Google Scholar
Puangpronpitag, S. (2019). Triple helix model and knowledge-based entrepreneurship in regional engagement: A case study of Thai and UK universities. Procedia Computer Science, 158, 565–572.
View in Google Scholar
Ranjbar, M. S., Ghazinoori, S., & Manteghi, M. (2022). Evolution of Iran's gas turbine sectoral innovation system as a complex product system (CoPS). African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 14(4), 1102–1116.
View in Google Scholar
Ravic, N., Dekic, M., & Korenak, B. (2023). Cooperation between IT companies and ecosystem participants as one of the innovation-generating factors: An empirical case from Serbia. International Review, 1-2, 129–135.
View in Google Scholar
Ribeiro, S. X., & Nagano, M. S. (2023). On the relation between knowledge management and university-industry-government collaboration in Brazilian national institutes of science and technology. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 53(4), 808–829.
View in Google Scholar
Runiewicz-Wardyn, M. (2022). The role of proximity in technology dynamics of high-tech industries: The case of biotechnology and aviation industries. Triple Helix, 9(2), 138–173.
View in Google Scholar
Rypestol, J. O., Martin, R., & Kyllingstad, N. (2022). New regional industrial path development and innovation networks in times of economic crisis. Industry and Innovation, 29(7), 879–898.
View in Google Scholar
Sanchez-Gonzalez, G., & Herrera, L. (2015). User cooperation effects on firm's innovation outputs. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 32(2), 86–101.
View in Google Scholar
Samo, A. H., & Ul Huda, N. (2019). Triple helix and academic entrepreneurial intention: understanding motivating factors for academic spin-off among young researchers. Journal of Global Enterpreneuarship Research, 9(1), 1–15.
View in Google Scholar
Schocair, M. M., Dias, A. A., Galina, S. V. R., & Amaral, M. (2022). The evolution of the Triple Helix thematic: A social networks analysis. Triple Helix, 9(3), 325–368.
View in Google Scholar
Seker, M. (2022). National innovation system: What the national technology initiative brings to Turkiye? National Techology Initiative, 43, 81–95.
View in Google Scholar
Sianipar, C. P. M., & Widaretna, K. (2012). NGO as Triple-Helix axis: Some lessons from Nias community empowerment on cocoa production. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 52, 197–206.
View in Google Scholar
Skoric M. M. (2014). The implications of big data for developing and transitional economies: Extending the Triple Helix? Scientometrics, 99(1), 175–186.
View in Google Scholar
Stanisz A. (2016). Logistic regression models. Applications in medicine, natural and social sciences. Kraków: Statsoft.
View in Google Scholar
Statistics Poland, Statistical Office in Szczecin (2023). Innovation activities of enterprises in the years 2020–2022. Warszawa, Szczecin: Zakład Wydawnict Statystycznych.
View in Google Scholar
Steiber, A., & Alange, S. (2013). The formation and growth of Google: A firm-level triple helix perspective. Sozial Scienece Information, 52(4), 575–604.
View in Google Scholar
Stock, G. N., Greis, N. P., & Fischer, W. A. (2002). Firm size and dynamic technological innovation. Technovation, 22(9), 537–549.
View in Google Scholar
Świadek A., Dzikowski, P., Gorączkowska, J., & Tomaszewski, M. (2022). The national innovation system in a catching-up country: Empirical evidence based on micro data of a Triple Helix in Poland. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(2), 511–540.
View in Google Scholar
Świadek, A., & Gorączkowska, J. (2020). The institutional support for an innovation cooperation in industry: The case of Poland. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 15(4), 811–831.
View in Google Scholar
Tiossi, F. M., & Rodrigues, R. G. (2023). Triple helix in the management of innovation in public policies: A study of two countries. Revista de Gestão e Secretariado, 14(8), 14516–14531.
View in Google Scholar
Toshevska-Trpchevska, K., Disoska, E. M., Tevdovski, D., & Stojkoski, V. (2019). The impact of a crisis on the innovation systems in Europe: Evidence from the CIS10 Innovation Survey. European Review, 27(4), 543–562.
View in Google Scholar
Umiński, S., Nazarczuk, J. M., & Borowicz, A. (2023). The role of foreign-owned entities in building economic resilience in times of crisis: The case of European digital and technologically-intensive firms during the Covid-19 pandemic. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 18(3), 751–777.
View in Google Scholar
Vaona, A., & Pianta, M. (2008). Firm size and innovation in European manufacturing. Small Business Economics, 30(3), 283–299.
View in Google Scholar
Vetsikas, A., & Stamboulis, Y. (2023). A conceptual framework for modeling heterogeneous actors' behavior in national innovation systems. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 33, 773–796.
View in Google Scholar
Wang, X. J., Peng, J. S., Sun, W. X., & Wang, S. H. (2007). Research on the mechanism of triple helix model: Based on technological capability evolution of receivers. In H. Lan (Eds.). Proceedings of 2007 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering, 1-3 (pp. 1931–1938). IEEE Xplore.
View in Google Scholar
Welfe A. (2008). Econometrics. Warszawa: PWE.
View in Google Scholar
Wu, A., & Wang, C. C. (2017). Knowledge search pattern and product innovation of firms in low and high-technology industrial clusters: A knowledge relatedness perspective. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 108(4), 488–502.
View in Google Scholar
Yadav, V. S., & Majumdar, A. (2024). What impedes digital twin from revolutionizing agro-food supply chain? Analysis of barriers and strategy development for mitigation. Operations Management Research.
View in Google Scholar
Ye, W. W., & Wang, Y. (2020). Exploring the Triple Helix synergy in Chinese national system of innovation. Sustainability, 11(23), 1–17.
View in Google Scholar
Yegorov, I. Y. (2018). The formation of national R&D and innovation policy based on "Triple Helix" (government-science-industry) extended model (brief information about the project). Science and Innovation, 14(1), 76–79.
View in Google Scholar
Yoda, N., & Kuwashima, K. (2020). Triple helix of university–industry–government relations in Japan: Transitions of collaborations and interactions. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11, 1120–1144.
View in Google Scholar
Yoon, J. (2015). The evolution of South Korea's innovation system: Moving towards the triple helix model? Scientometrics, 104(1), 265–293.
View in Google Scholar
Zarebski, P., Czerwinska-Jaskiewicz, M., & Klonowska-Matynia, M. (2022). Innovation in peripheral regions from a multidimensional perspective: Evidence from the Middle Pomerania region in Poland. Sustainability, 14(14), 1–18.
View in Google Scholar
Zhao, J., Dong, L., & Xi, X. (2019). Research on the strategic alliance innovation system evolution mechanism: The perspective of knowledge flow. Cluster Computing, 22, 9209–9227.
View in Google Scholar
Zhao, J. Y., & Wu, G. D. (2017). Evolution of the chinese industry-university-research collaborative innovation system. Complexity, 2017, 1–13.
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
